NAME
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convert - convert an image or sequence of images
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Contents
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Synopsis
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convert [ options ... ] input_file output_file
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Description
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Convert converts an input file using one image format to an output
file with a differing image format. In addition, various types of image
processing can be performed on the converted image during the conversion
process. Convert recognizes the image formats listed in
ImageMagick(1).
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Examples
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To make a thumbnail of a JPEG image, use:
convert -size 120x120 cockatoo.jpg -resize 120x120 +profile "*" thumbnail.jpg
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In this example, '-size 120x120' gives a hint to the JPEG decoder
that the image is going to be downscaled to 120x120, allowing it to run
faster by avoiding returning full-resolution images to ImageMagick for
the subsequent resizing operation. The
'-resize 120x120' specifies the desired dimensions of the
output image. It will be scaled so its largest dimension is 120 pixels. The
'+profile "*"' removes any ICM, EXIF, IPTC, or other profiles
that might be present in the input and aren't needed in the thumbnail. |
To convert a MIFF image of a cockatoo to a SUN raster image, use:
convert cockatoo.miff sun:cockatoo.ras
To convert a multi-page PostScript document to individual FAX pages,
use:
convert -monochrome document.ps fax:page
To convert a TIFF image to a PostScript A4 page with the image in
the lower left-hand corner, use:
convert -page A4+0+0 image.tiff document.ps
To convert a raw Gray image with a 128 byte header to a portable graymap,
use:
convert -depth 8 -size 768x512+128 gray:raw image.pgm
In this example, "raw" is the input file. Its format is "gray" and it
has the dimensions and number of header bytes specified by the -size
option and the sample depth specified by the
-depth option. The output file is "image.pgm". The suffix ".pgm"
specifies its format.
To convert a Photo CD image to a TIFF image, use:
convert -size 1536x1024 img0009.pcd image.tiff
convert img0009.pcd[4] image.tiff
To create a visual image directory of all your JPEG images, use:
convert 'vid:*.jpg' directory.miff
To annotate an image with blue text using font 12x24 at position (100,100),
use:
convert -font helvetica -fill blue -draw "text 100,100 Cockatoo"
bird.jpg bird.miff
To tile a 640x480 image with a JPEG texture with bumps use:
convert -size 640x480 tile:bumps.jpg tiled.png
To surround an icon with an ornamental border to use with Mosaic(1), use:
convert -mattecolor "#697B8F" -frame 6x6 bird.jpg icon.png
To create a MNG animation from a DNA molecule sequence, use:
convert -delay 20 dna.* dna.mng
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Options
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Options are processed in command line order. Any option you specify on
the command line remains in effect for the set of images that follows,
until the set is terminated by the appearance of any option or -noop.
Some options only affect the decoding of images and others only the encoding.
The latter can appear after the final group of input images.
For a more detailed description of each option, see
ImageMagick(1).
| join images into a single multi-image file |
| drawing transformation matrix |
| decrypt image with this password |
| blue chromaticity primary point |
| blur the image with a Gaussian operator |
| surround the image with a border of color |
| set the color of the annotation bounding box |
| (This option has been replaced by the -limit option) |
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-charcoal <factor>
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| simulate a charcoal drawing |
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-chop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
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| remove pixels from the interior of an image |
| apply the clipping path, if one is present |
| merge a sequence of images |
| colorize the image with the pen color |
| preferred number of colors in the image |
| annotate an image with a comment |
| the type of image composition |
| the type of image compression |
| enhance or reduce the image contrast |
| convolve image with the specified convolution kernel |
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-crop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
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| preferred size and location of the cropped image |
| displace image colormap by amount |
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-debug <events>
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| break down an image sequence into constituent parts |
| display the next image after pausing |
| vertical and horizontal resolution in pixels of the image |
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-despeckle
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| reduce the speckles within an image |
| specifies the X server to contact |
| apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image |
| annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives |
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-edge <radius>
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| detect edges within an image |
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-emboss <radius>
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| specify the text encoding |
| specify endianness (MSB or LSB) of output image |
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-enhance
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| apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image |
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-equalize
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| perform histogram equalization to the image |
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-extract <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{@} {!}{<}{>}
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| extract an area from the image while decoding |
| color to use when filling a graphic primitive |
| use this type of filter when resizing an image |
| flatten a sequence of images |
| use this font when annotating the image with text |
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-frame <width>x<height>+<outer bevel width>+<inner bevel width>
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| surround the image with an ornamental border |
| colors within this distance are considered equal |
| level of gamma correction |
| blur the image with a Gaussian operator |
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-geometry <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{@} {!}{<}{>}
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| preferred size and location of the Image window. |
| direction primitive gravitates to when annotating the image. |
| green chromaticity primary point |
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-help
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-implode <factor>
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| implode image pixels about the center |
| use this type of rendering intent when managing the image color |
| the type of interlacing scheme |
| assign a label to an image |
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-lat <width>x<height>{+-}<offset>{%}
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| perform local adaptive thresholding |
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-level <black_point>{,<white_point>}{%}{,<gamma>}
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| adjust the level of image contrast |
| Disk, File, Map, or Memory resource limit |
| add Netscape loop extension to your GIF animation |
| choose a particular set of colors from this image |
| store matte channel if the image has one |
| specify the color to be used with the -frame option |
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-median <radius>
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| apply a median filter to the image |
| vary the brightness, saturation, and hue of an image |
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-monochrome
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| transform the image to black and white |
| create a mosaic from an image or an image sequence |
| replace every pixel with its complementary color |
| add or reduce noise in an image |
| transform image to span the full range of color values |
| change this color to the pen color within the image |
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-page <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{!}{<}{>}
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| size and location of an image canvas |
| (This option has been replaced by the -fill option) |
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-ping
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| efficiently determine image characteristics |
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-pointsize <value>
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| pointsize of the PostScript, OPTION1, or TrueType font |
| process a sequence of images |
| add ICM, IPTC, or generic profile to image |
| JPEG/MIFF/PNG compression level |
| lighten or darken image edges |
| red chromaticity primary point |
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-region <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>
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| apply options to a portion of the image |
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-resize <width>x<height>{%}{@}{!}{<}{>}
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| roll an image vertically or horizontally |
| apply Paeth image rotation to the image |
| scale image with pixel sampling |
| sampling factors used by JPEG or MPEG-2 encoder and YUV decoder/encoder. |
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-seed <value>
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| pseudo-random number generator seed value |
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-segment <cluster threshold>x<smoothing threshold>
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| shade the image using a distant light source |
| shave pixels from the image edges |
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-shear <x degrees>x<y degrees>
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| shear the image along the X or Y axis |
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-size <width>x<height>{+offset}
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| width and height of the image |
| negate all pixels above the threshold level |
| displace image pixels by a random amount |
| color to use when stroking a graphic primitive |
| swirl image pixels about the center |
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-texture <filename>
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| name of texture to tile onto the image background |
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-tile <filename>
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| tile image when filling a graphic primitive |
| make this color transparent within the image |
| tree depth for the color reduction algorithm |
| the type of image resolution |
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-unsharp <radius>{x<sigma>}{+<amount>}{+<threshold>}
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| sharpen the image with an unsharp mask operator |
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-use-pixmap
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| print detailed information about the image |
| print ImageMagick version string |
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-view <string>
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| FlashPix viewing parameters |
| specify contents of "virtual pixels" |
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-wave <amplitude>x<wavelength>
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| alter an image along a sine wave |
| write an image sequence [convert, composite] |
For a more detailed description of each option, see
ImageMagick(1).
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Segmentation
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Use -segment to segment an image by analyzing the histograms of
the color components and identifying units that are homogeneous with the
fuzzy c-means technique. The scale-space filter analyzes the histograms
of the three color components of the image and identifies a set of classes.
The extents of each class is used to coarsely segment the image with thresholding.
The color associated with each class is determined by the mean color of
all pixels within the extents of a particular class. Finally, any unclassified
pixels are assigned to the closest class with the fuzzy c-means technique.
The fuzzy c-Means algorithm can be summarized as follows:
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Build a histogram, one for each color component of the image.
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For each histogram, successively apply the scale-space filter and build
an interval tree of zero crossings in the second derivative at each scale.
Analyze this scale-space "fingerprint" to determine which peaks or valleys
in the histogram are most predominant.
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The fingerprint defines intervals on the axis of the histogram. Each interval
contains either a minima or a maxima in the original signal. If each color
component lies within the maxima interval, that pixel is considered "classified"
and is assigned an unique class number.
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Any pixel that fails to be classified in the above thresholding pass is
classified using the fuzzy c-Means technique. It is assigned to one of
the classes discovered in the histogram analysis phase.
The fuzzy c-Means technique attempts to cluster a pixel by finding the
local minima of the generalized within group sum of squared error objective
function. A pixel is assigned to the closest class of which the fuzzy membership
has a maximum value.
For additional information see:
Young Won Lim, Sang Uk Lee, ``On The Color Image Segmentation
Algorithm Based on the Thresholding and the Fuzzy c-Means Techniques'',
Pattern Recognition, Volume 23, Number 9, pages 935-952, 1990.
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Environment
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DISPLAY
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| To get the default host, display number, and screen. |
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Authors
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Copyright
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Copyright (C) 2003 ImageMagick Studio
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
a copy of this software and associated documentation files ("ImageMagick"),
to deal in ImageMagick without restriction, including without limitation
the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
and/or sell copies of ImageMagick, and to permit persons to whom the ImageMagick
is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
in all copies or substantial portions of ImageMagick.
The software is provided "as is", without warranty of any kind, express
or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability,
fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement.In no event shall
ImageMagick Studio be liable for any claim, damages or other liability,
whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out
of or in connection with ImageMagick or the use or other dealings in
ImageMagick.
Except as contained in this notice, the name of the
ImageMagick Studio LLC shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to
promote the sale, use or other dealings in ImageMagick without prior written
authorization from the ImageMagick Studio.
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